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leo tolstoy english author biography
Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (/ˈtoʊlstɔɪ, ˈtɒl-/ Russian: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, tr. Lev Nikoláyevich Tolstóy, IPA: [lʲef nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj] ( listen); 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1828 – 20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1910), usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time.
Leo Tolstoy | |
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Tolstoy in May, 1908, four months before his 80th birthday (photographed at Yasnaya Polyana by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky; the first colour photograph taken in Russia)
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Native name | Лев Николаевич Толстой |
Born | Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy September 9, 1828 Yasnaya Polyana, Tula Governorate, Russian Empire |
Died | November 20, 1910 (aged 82) Astapovo, Ryazan Governorate, Russian Empire |
Resting place | Yasnaya Polyana |
Occupation | Novelist, short story writer, playwright, essayist |
Language | Russian |
Nationality | Russian |
Period | 1847—1910 |
Literary movement | realism |
Notable works | War and Peace Anna Karenina The Death of Ivan Ilyich The Kingdom of God Is Within You Resurrection |
Spouse | Sophia Tolstaya (m. 1862; his death 1910) |
Children | 14 |
Rabindranath tagore
Rabindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore FRAS (/rəˈbɪndrənɑːt tæˈɡɔːr/ ( listen); Bengali: [robind̪ronat̪ʰ ʈʰakur]), also written Ravīndranātha Thākura(7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941) sobriquet Gurudevwas a Bengali polymathwho reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse"] he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal.[8] He is sometimes referred to as "the Bard of Bengal"
Rabindranath Tagore | |
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Tagore (c. 1925)
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Native name | রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর |
Born | Rabindranath Thakur 7 May 1861 Calcutta, British India[1] |
Died | 7 August 1941 (aged 80) Calcutta, British India[1] |
Occupation | Writer, song composer, playwright, essayist, painter |
Language | Bengali, English |
Nationality | British Indian |
Literary movement | Contextual Modernism |
Notable works | Gitanjali, Gora, Ghare-Baire, Jana Gana Mana, Rabindra Sangeet, Amar Shonar Bangla(other works) |
Notable awards | Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 |
Spouse | Mrinalini Devi (m. 1883–1902) |
Children | 5 (two of whom died in childhood) |
Relatives | Tagore family |
port portfolio introduction
PORTFOLIO RECORD
THE USE
OF PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT IN EVALUATION
Value
of Student Portfolios
Innovative
Portfolio Ideas
Introduction:
A student portfolio is a systematic collection of student work and
related material that depicts a student's activities, accomplishments, and
achievements in one or more school subjects.
Definition:
A Student portfolio is a compilation of academic work and other forms of
educational evidence assembled for the purpose of evaluating course quality,
learning progress and academic achievement over time.
Portfolio in the Classroom:
Student Portfolios as an Assessment Tool. Teacher
observation, projects, essays, and other more creative ways of evaluating
student achievement have gained a larger following within the classroom.
Although its use has declined, one type of assessment tool that can be used
very effectively is the student portfolio.
Forms of Portfolio:
The
major types of portfolios are: working portfolios, display portfolios,
and assessment portfolios. Although the types are distinct in
theory, they tend to overlap in practice. Consequently, a district's program
may include several different types of portfolios, serving several
different purposes.
Working portfolio:
A working portfolio is so named because it is a
project “in the works,” containing work in progress as well as finished
samples of work. It serves as a holding tank for work that may be
selected later for a more permanent assessment or display portfolio.
Display
Portfolio:
Portfolio
is a collection of
assets held by an institution or a private individual. Artist's portfolio,
a sample of an artist's work or a case used to display artwork,
photographs etc.
A display
portfolio may be maintained from year to year, with new pieces added each year,
documenting growth over time. And while a best works portfolio may document
student efforts with respect to curriculum objectives, it may also include
evidence of student activities beyond school (a story written at home, for
example).
Assessment
Portfolio:
A student
portfolio is a systematic collection of student work and related material
that depicts a student's activities, accomplishments, and achievements in one
or more school subjects. The collection should include evidence of student
reflection and self-evaluation, guidelines for selecting the portfolio
contents, and criteria for judging the quality of the work. The goal is to help
students assemble portfolios that illustrate their talents, represent their
writing capabilities, and tell their stories of school achievement.
THE USE
OF PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT IN EVALUATION
Portfolio assessment has
been predominantly used in educational settings to document the progress and
achievements of individual children and adolescents, it has the potential to be
a valuable tool for program assessment as well.
Portfolio assessment has
become widely used in educational settings as a way to examine and measure
progress, by documenting the process of learning or change as it occurs.
Portfolios extend beyond test scores to include substantive descriptions or
examples of what the student is doing and experiencing. Fundamental to "authentic
assessment" or "performance assessment" in educational theory is
the principle that children and adolescents should demonstrate, rather than
tell about, documenting progress toward higher order goals such as application
of skills and synthesis of experience requires obtaining information beyond
what can be provided by standardized or norm-based tests.
Value
of Student Portfolios
A portfolio is a
collection of student work that can demonstrate learning and be used as an
effective assessment tool. The portfolio complexity can range from a simple
collection of teacher-identified student assignments to a more complex
student-driven product demonstrating learning standards with the teacher
evaluating mastery of content for a grade. A portfolio can be completed as a
short-term project or a comprehensive one that spans over the school year. We
will discover the value of portfolios, innovative ideas, and examples of best
practices to implement portfolios in elementary, middle, and high school
classrooms.
Innovative
Portfolio Ideas
Innovative
portfolio ideas focus on:
Providing assessment guidelines: The student portfolio
can be effective to assess student learning if a rubric or checklist is used to
objectively evaluate the portfolio. Students should have opportunities to
review the rubric or checklist before starting the portfolio to understand the
expectations. The rubric (checklist) needs to identify components to guide the
development of the portfolio and clearly define how points are awarded for the
grade.
Organizing the portfolio
in a format: The portfolio can be organized with paper documents in a notebook or
scrapbook, or digitally online or in flash drive files.
Reflecting on learning experiences: Students can analyze the
content standards for the class and make decisions on what to include in the
portfolio to demonstrate learning of these concepts. Reflection allows the
student to self-evaluate the learning experience. Students can express their
thoughts during learning activities in journals.
Trying a variety of
strategies:
Depending on the portfolio, a variety of documentation strategies can be used.
Students can organize paper documents including papers, artwork, written
assessments, teacher-written feedback, peer reviews, and other learning
evidence in a notebook or scrapbook. These paper documents can be scanned;
students can record interviews and create videos for digital portfolios.
Finding resources: Teachers can assist
students in discovering resources to use in developing the portfolio. Examples
of resources include digital cameras, video equipment, technology resources,
and personnel to assist individual students.
Owning the portfolio: Students are empowered
to design, develop and implement an individualized portfolio. This process enhances
creativity, critical thinking, decision-making, and evaluation skills.
Leading the process: The teacher will guide
the portfolio process and needs to implement timelines for students to follow.
Initiating student
portfolio presentations: Students can formally present the final portfolio to an
external audience to further develop oral communication skills.
Obtaining support for
student portfolio presentations: Recruit parents, business/industry, community,
college/university, and peers to participate in portfolio presentations. High
school students can use the portfolio for high school scholarship
opportunities, college entrance discussions, and employer interviews to
demonstrate skills.
Forms of
Portfolio:
Portfolio come in many forms, from
note books filled with documents, notes and graphics to online digital archives
and students created websites.
1. Notebooks filled with documents.
2. Online digital archives.
3. Students created websites.
Uses of Portfolio:
1. Students portfolios are most
effective when they are used to evaluate students learning progress and
achievement.
2. When portfolio are used to document
and evaluate the knowledge of the student, teachers can use them to adopt
instructional strategies.
3. Portfolio can help teachers monitor
and evaluate learning progress over time.
4. Test, quizzes and assessment, give
teachers information about what students
know at a particular point in time.
5. Portfolios help teachers determine
whether students can apply what they have learned to new problems and different
subject areas.
6. A test can help teachers determine,
for eg., if students have learned a specific mathematical skill, can able to
apply that skill to complex problems in economics Geography, Civics
Ø Portfolio can encourage students to
take more ownership and responsibility over the learning process.
Ø Portfolios are a way for students to
critique and evaluate their own work and academic progress.
Blog:
Blog a website, similar to an online journal
that includes chronological entries made by individuals. The word blog was
derived from the combination of the word web and log. Blogs typically focus on
a specific subject (Economy, entertainment news, etc.) and provide users with
forums (or a comment area) to talk about each posting. Many people use blogs as
they would a personal journal or diary.
Blog
Each Student must create his / her
own portfolio in the form of a blog.
This blog can include such as
Ø Written assignments
Ø Completed tests,
Ø Seminar reports,
Ø Project reports,
Blog
Other evidence of learning process
Ø Awards and prizes,
Ø Certificate,
Ø Participation in cultural activities
ect….
Uses
of blogs in education
Like Podcast, wiki and other types of new technology, blogs
can be use in classroom environment for diary entry; it also can be a useful
tool to link communication between study groups within a class or other classes
or even schools. If use effectively, blogs can create a learning environment
that extend beyond the schoolyard.
1. Classroom Management : Class blogs can serve as a portal to
foster a community of learners. As they are easy to create and update
efficiently, they can be used to inform students of class requirements, post
handouts, notices, and homework assignments, or act as a question and answer
board.
2. Collaboration: Blogs provide a space where teachers
and students can work to further develop writing or other skills with the
advantage of an instant audience. Teachers can offer instructional tips, and
students can practice and benefit from peer review. They also make online
mentoring possible. For example, a class of older students can help a class of
younger students develop more confidence in their writing skills. Students can
also participate in cooperative learning activities that require them to relay
research findings, ideas, or suggestions.
3.Discussions: A class blog opens the opportunity
for students to discuss topics outside of the classroom. With a blog, every
person has an equal opportunity to share their thoughts and opinions. Students
have time to be reactive to one another and reflective. Teachers can also bring
together a group of knowledgeable individuals for a given unit of study for
students to network and conference with on a blog.
4. Student Portfolios:
Blogs
present, organize, and protect student work as digital portfolios. As older
entries are archived, developing skills and progress may be analyzed more
conveniently. Additionally, as students realize their efforts will be
published, they are typically more motivated to produce better writing.
Teachers and peers may conference with a student individually on a developing
work, and expert or peer mentoring advice can be easily kept for future
reference.
Uses
of blogs in classroom:
There
are numerous educational benefits of blogs. Blogs are:
•
Highly motivating to students, especially those who otherwise might not become
participants in classrooms.
•
Excellent opportunities for students to read and write.
•
Effective forums for collaboration and discussion.
• Powerful
tools to enable scaffolding learning or mentoring to occur.
Pedagogical uses of blog
According to extant
literature, students use blogging in classrooms for different purposes. Blogs
are used to showcase individual student work by enabling them to publish texts,
video clips, audio clips, maps, photos and other images, projects and suchlike
in a potentially publicly accessible forum. Proponents of student blogging
argue that blogging can contribute directly to improved writing abilities and
argue that classroom blogging can enable students to engage with audiences
beyond their classroom walls by using blogs as personal journals, as diaries,
for story writing, and for making editorial responses to news events.
Researchers have also documented teachers using student blogging to promote
creativity and self-expression.
Conclusion:
Portfolio is a very valuable and
meaningful evaluation tool effectively assesses student learning. Along with the student reflection the data
provides the valuable information about how each student learns and what is important
to him or her in the learning process.
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